ABOUT THE INTERPRETATIONAL PROBLEM

THE INTERPRETATIONAL PROBLEM 

                        The major part of the fifth solvay conference held at Brussels in 1927 was devoted to a debate on the problem of the interpretation of the quantum mechanics. The debate between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr started at the conference and continued both within and without the later conferences, resulted in the emergence of two opposing schools of interpretation the Co-penhagen and an the Statistical Ensemble. 

                   The main point of the dispute in the interpretation of quantum phenomena is concerned with the nature underlying physical reality; Is the electron a particle, a wave, both or either ? the (EPR) paradox of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen begins with the definition of completeness and of physical reality: (EPR.1) A necessary conditions for the completeness of a theory is that "every element of a physical reality must have a counterpart in the theory. (EPR.2) A sufficient condition to identify an element of physical reality is : "if without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e. with probability equal mto unity) the value of physical quantity, then there exists an element of physical reality corresponding to this physical quantity. The foregoing conclusions of the paper have been enunciated in the form of a theorem: 

                  Theorem: The following two assertions are not compatible with each other: (E1). The description by means of the wave function is complete. (E2). The real states of spatially separated non-interacting objects are independent. The Copenhagen interpretation of Copenhagen school derives its name from the facts that the originator and the chief interpreter of this school was Niels Bohr whose headquarter was in Copenhagen. Two of the basic pribciples that underline the Copenhagen Interpretation are Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Bohrr's principle of complementarity. The notionof the complementarity forms the backbone of the interpretation, while the uncertainty principle ensures that the notion does not lead to any contradictory physical situation. In addition the following premises also could be regarded as basic to the interpretation: 

1.However far the phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. 

2.it is impossible to separate sharply the behavior of atomic objects(i.e.quantum mechanical system) from their interactions with the measuring instruments which serves to define the conditions under which the phenomena appear. 

3.Quantum theory provides an exhaustive description of individual physical phenomena. 

Schrodinger's Cat : 

Schrodinger in his review article imagined a chamber which houses a cat together with a machine, a bottle of cyanide and a radioactive substance. The machine has a triggering mechanism which, when activated by the decay of an atom of the radioactive substance, will tripe a hammer which will break thee bottle of cyanide. The quantity of the radioactive substance in the chamber is such that there equal probability for one atom to decay ina hour and for none to decay during that time. I one describes this entire system sccording to quantum theory, then at the end of an hour the wave function corresponding to a live cat and a ead cat. 

If one adopts the viewpoint that the wave function furnishes complete description of tan individual system, one has to conciude that , at the end of the hour the cat is nither dead nor alive,just as in the example of the electron diffraction the electron has no definite position.but if one looks to see whether the cat is actually dead or live and finds that it is really dead, one has to assume that it is the act of looking that killed the cat (reducation of the wave fuction)! 

According to ensemble interpretation, on the other hand, the description in terms of the wave function refers to an ensemble of a large number of "schrodinger's cats'. That the wave function is a linear combination of equal parts of functions corresponding to live and dead cats means that, in about half the cases the cat will be dead (satisfying that the atom has decayed) and in the other half cases the cats will be alive ( the atom has not decayed). 

REFERENCES 

1.Mehra, J. The solvay Coferences on physics(D. Reidel Publishing Co, Boston 1975), Chapter 6. 

2.Einstein A, Podolsky and Rosen N., Physics review 47, 777(1935) 

3.Bohr, N. Nature 121,580 (1928) 

4. Schrodinger, E.Naturewiss 28,807 (135) 

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